Lonely Characters on Of Mice and Men - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 933 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/06/14 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Of Mice And Men Essay Did you like this example? Mother Teresa Said that the most terrible poverty in loneliness, and the feeling of being unloved. In his novel, Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck explores the topic of loneliness expressed by several different characters. Taking place on and isolated ranch near a town called Soledad (spanish for solitude), George and lennie are workers who travel each other and look out for one another. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Lonely Characters on Of Mice and Men" essay for you Create order The stand in stark contrast to the many other characters who live lives of loneliness without anyone to care for or who cares for them. Steinbeck uses the characters of Crooks, Curleyrs wife, Candy to show what life is like for people who, unlike George and Lennie, are truly isolated or alone in this world. The character Crooks, is an example of a lonely character in the story because he uses so much evidence that makes whoever is reading the story believe he is a lonely and is without nobody. Crooks, as the only character of color, and doesnt really have people that know him because of his color. He has hidden or backed off of any groups or having friends because of racism. Crooks has reduced himself to nothing. There was no personality no ego, ?nothing.(81) There is no personality in the point of view of people who dont know him. People dont know him and thatrs why they say he has no personality because hers not social with no one and that disassembles who he really is as a person. Crookes keeping back out of attention Range.(96) Crooks is a character that seems to be alone and quite distant from other people, and doesnt like to be the center of attention at all because maybe he seems self conscious about his skin tone. Overall, he is character that has a lonely personality and isnt t alked to or mentioned a lot during the story, that might indicate that he is a character thatrs not really known or that no one knows him. Curleyrs wife is a big important factor to the point that people are lonely in this story. She is probably the loneliest character in the story because she is the only female,I get lonely she said, ?you can talk to people but I cant talk to anybody but curley.(87), and because she is a women she is limited by her husband Curly what she can and not do. One big thing she cannot do is talk and socialize to the men/workers, which is why she might feel lonely most of the time . She communicates her feelings to another character and she tells him that she would love to talk to somebody but cannot since her husband doesnt let her do whatever she wants, Think I dont like to talk to somebody ever once in a while?(77), she obviously seems like she wants attention and needs it because of how desperate she is. Even though Curleyrs wife doesnt in particular have a name, I feel like that has a meaning behind that too. I think the meaning behind that was to show that she wasnt much of an important character as far as having the title of just Curleyrs wife. Candy, the old man, is old and lonely, and throughout the story it seems to be like that for a while now. Candy mentions how hes had a dog for a long time, that might indicate that thats the only companion has only had, throughout his life. So in the part of the book in where Candy is pressured to give up his dog for dead, he doesnt want to do it because I feel like he was gonna be even more lonelier without the dog, ?Candy looked unhappy No he said softly. No, I couldnt do that . I had ?im too long. (45) When he did give him up, Carlson, shot the dog from far away. But, they heard it from the distance, and when it happened, they all looked straight at Candy, For a moment he continued to stare at the ceiling. The he rolled over slowly and faced the wall and laid silent. He probably regrets the way the dog died, later on he tells george that he should of shot the dog and not somebody else. Continuing along the story he disrupts George and Lennie when they start talking about how they are going to live on a small piece of land and have animals to care for. He starts by saying, Spose I went in with you guys. Thats three hundred and fifty bucks Id put in. I aint much good, but I could cook and tend the chickens and hoe the garden some. Howd that be? This supports how lonely he is because when George and Lennie talked about their future, there was a huge chance for Candy to not be lonely for once in his life. Steinbeck made such a big deal about loneliness because we dont realize how many people are lonely in this world and maybe wanted us to self reflect on our lives compared to the lives that lonely people live. He might of been saying that lonely people struggle more than people with others to share it with. Comparing the life of the characters in the book to people today is much different because back when the great depression was being introduced, more and more people traveled alone. And today, its not common to see that. Overall loneliness is a stressful topic to talk about, just the thought of it makes people be more grateful for having someone in their life to share it with.

Comparing the Philosophy of Life in Christianity and...

Comparing the Philosophy of Life in Christianity and Chinese Buddhism Chinese Philosophy not only is the fruit of thinking of the Chinese nation, but also is the important component part of world culture. In Chinese philosophy, there are three main parts: Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Among them, Chinese Buddhism, which came from India, experienced a course of sinicization under the influence of Chinese traditional culture represented mainly by Confucianism and Taoism , so it keeps the general features of Buddhism ,and also formed its Chinese characteristics. The changes of Chinese Buddhism from going out of this world to being in this world and building pure land in this world fully manifested the humanistic spirit†¦show more content†¦In this way , in actual life, there are often conflicts and struggles between goodness and evil in human nature. So Christianity stresses that human beings should believe in God, and depend on Gods power to ensure tending towards goodness, and entering the paradise after their death. Buddhism, starting from its basic teaching arising through causation (Pratityasamutpada), believes that all things are naturally formed from causes and condition (Hetupratyaya), man is also the combination from Five Classifications (Pancaskandha), under given conditions and the result of ignorance (Avidya). As for man is the result of ignorance, its a bit similar to Christian original sin . but influenced by Confucius goodness of human nature and Taoist return to nature and true , Chinese Buddhism specially emphasizes the inner basis of free from world , and stresses that human nature, which is naturally pure and enlightened but dirty and befuddled because of being hoodwinked by desire. Only when man could see mind and enlighten nature by practicing Buddhism, then he is free from world and become Buddha. Comparative speaking, both Christianity and Buddhism have the tendency of paying close attention to what happensShow MoreRelatedWestern and Non Western Divinity 774 Words   |  3 Pagesconcepts of western and non-western religious philosophies. For example, the Kyoto school of philosophers attempted to combine the phenomenology of Husserl with the insights of Zen Buddhism. Largely, most of the philosophers belonging to this school of thought were heavily influenced by the German philosophers, specifically the works of Kant, Hegel, Nietzsche, and Heidegger. In addition, many engaged their cultural resources to help them formulate their philosophy. However, while their work was not specificallyRead MoreConfucianism, Hinduism, Buddhism, And Platonism1045 Words   |  5 PagesEssay One Brian Munoz Philosophy 10/23/15 What Are We - What are we? 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Rebuilding Companies as Communities

Question: Discuss about the Rebuilding Companies as Communities. Answer: Introduction: A community is a socially organized group of people having something in common for example the norms or identity which gives them the sense of togetherness. It is based on this idea of the community that Henry Mintzberg bases his argument as he brings out the concepts in the article Rebuilding Companies as Communities. He begins by identifying the cause to the collapse of many business entities as being due to the over-valuation of leadership at the expense of communityship.' To further elaborate the point, he uses Obamas presidential campaign, Toyota, Pixar and Semco as some of the operations whose success is credited back to the vibrancy of the communityship kind of cooperation. In his analysis, Henry does not entirely discredit leadership, though, he stands for having the leadership positions given just but enough credit in the success of any organization. He also points out the disadvantages brought about by the uncontrolled leadership positions like that of the Chief Executive Officer (CEO). This positions holders may at times do adopt strategies that devalue their employees equating them to human resources. Such policies like firing employees when the company does not attain its targets or offering themselves obscene packages at the expense of the organization. He claims that some holders of these positions barely understand what is actually on the ground and compares them to a person standing on top of a pyramid in Egypt. He still emphasizes on the middle-level accreditation by using From Top-Down to Middle-Out as an example. This type is where the organizations directions begin from the middle-level managers who are closer to the employees then spreads out to the rest of the firm. The strengths/weakness of arguments and assumptions As a starting point, Mintzberg acknowledges the importance of not only leadership but directional modes of administration. This mode is where the top most leaders in the organization provide directives to the rest of the organization. On the other hand, Mintzberg gives less credit to use of performance outcome data and instead prefers an information diet fed from hearsay, speculation, and gossips. He goes on to say this informal sources of information can be richer in content even though they are less reliable. Secondly, Mintzbergs concepts go contrary to what the performance belief has always been. Business experts advice that the company can transform its operations positively if it effectively inculcates performance management and measuring in its day to day activities. Research methods and limitations There are four typically applicable research methods namely correlational research, observational research, the quasi-experiments and the true experiments shows that he did apply observation as his primary means of data research. Through this method, the researcher used observation and recording of the information then later making a report out of it. The method he used for research also has its limitations which render the practice not to be fully active. One of the limits is that the method is limited to present time information only. All the historical events are not observable. Instead, they can only be got from second-hand sources like interviewing older employees at the firm or from past recorded sources like the company records. The second limitation is that the data collected cannot include personal opinions of the specimen under study (the employees). The exact presence of the viewer and the event under study are most of the time not certain. This uncertainty may act as a direct disadvantage to the observation method. Finally, the subjects under study may change their habits due to the knowledge that they are under study. Their reaction may then affect the overall results. Applicability of approach The managerial concept presented by Mintzberg is highly applicable in many organizations around the world. As a matter of fact, it is by the methods appropriate in reviving poorly performing entities or sub-branches within the same organization. All institutions have different managerial levels in its hierarchical structure. At the middle level lies some leaders together with another low-level employee. Mintzberg argued that these middle-level positions had the greatest influence on the overall performance of the entire entity. Proper organization of ideas, policies, and strategies at these intermediate managerial levels leads to the efficient outcome at the firm. The idea is applicable because it is also much easier to meet the majority of the employees at the business from these levels. Impact on concepts of organizational commitment and organizational decision-making Employees pay, career development, and job security are some of the obligations the business has on its employees (Toga, Khayundi and Mjoli 2014). By meeting these requirements, the organization expects its workers to reciprocate through increased commitments at work and consequently influence them to stay in the organization (Toga, Khayundi and Mjoli 2014; Smith 2011). Recent research has shown that any positive relationships between the employees and the organization ultimately leads increase in job performance. The leadership qualities and functions like decision making offer essential insights and directions to all the operations of the organization. In-depth research also revealed that the leader needs to possess the confidence quality in them to help in gathering information and the final decision-making process (Toga, Khayundi and Mjoli 2014). The manager needs to be informed by the kind of decisions to make to maintain the stakeholder's interest as it is considered that proper leadership and management is the exact success formula for any organization. Mintzbergs views vs. the four perspectives of organizational effectiveness Almost all organizational theories have the specific objective of making the organization more efficient. In the olden days, organizational effectiveness was determined by the extent to which the organization achieved its stated objectives (Shelton and Gartland). This perspective was limited in that there was no threshold of measuring the success. In the modern day, organizational effectiveness is monitored by the following aspects (Shelton and Gartland). Open systems perspective, internal subsystem effectiveness, organizational learning perspective, high-performance work practices perspective and stakeholder perspective. In a comparison of Mintzbergs view to the four views, there are more similarities than differences. To begin with, the concept presented in the organizational learning perspective resonates well with Mintzbergs idea of having the firms strategies developed at the middle-level managerial position. The position is strategically placed in between hierarchy of the enterprise. At this point, the lower level employees get reached too easily while at the same time, directives from the senior positions flow and get acted upon from the point. Therefore, in case the organization has relevant information that needs even distribution within itself, then the middle-level group certainly can carry out the task efficiently. The other important similarity is in line with the internal subsystems effectiveness. An efficient organization is one where there are higher production levels by use of minimal labor, energy, and materials. If the internal subsystems are effectively cooperative, then the organization can register impressive records on organizational efficiency. Mintzberg advocates for operating the organization in the community style whereby it is run from Top-Down to Middle-Out. Organizational Commitment. Every organization has a set strategy controlled by principles that direct its operations and the general management (Ananga and Magesh, 2016; Chimomona 2016). In its operations lies its employees who uphold a certain feeling of responsibility and strength towards the mission clearly defined in the organizations goals statement. Chimomona (2016) stresses that this responsibility brings the commitment that the employee has to the organization which profoundly determines whether the employee will maintain their position at the firm and support towards the attainment of the goals. This commitment is achievable only if there is cooperation between the organization and its employees. The employee engagement can be achieved by the organization serving its employees positively as well. For instance, the remuneration should be adequate and equitable to the amount of service that the workers provide. The firm can also add in other incentives like making arrangements for the employees to have educational improvements. Organizational decision-making Briggs and Little (2008) identifies leaders are the organizations decision makers. The efforts that they put in place to pursue the vision and goals of the organization involves the direction for prioritizing efforts and resources. They should also take full responsibility for the organizations activities, and therefore they need competent decision-making skills (Passarelli 2010). In case the organization uses the top position kind of leadership, then it will be challenging for an organization to achieve its goals quickly. Most of the time, these leaders do not know what exactly is happening on the ground. The middle-level managers in such organizations are reluctant of entirely undertaking their roles resulting in a poorly performing organization. The quality of decision made by the organizational leaders is an increasingly important aspect which determines the failure or success of the organization Kekana (n.d). In the current complex world filled with ever increasing levels of informational connectivity, scarce resources like the finances and the highly required need to meet the expectations of the stakeholders are some of the fields that call for the quality in decision-making skills. References Anagha K and Magesh R, 'Employee Motivation To Innovate And Resources Management: The Mediating Role Of Organisational Commitment' (2016) 9 International Journal of Management Concepts and Philosophy Briggs C and Little P, 'Impacts Of Organizational Culture And Personality Traits On Decision-Making In Technical Organizations' (2008) 11 Systems Engineering Chinomona E, 'ORGANISATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOUR AND EMPLOYEE PERCEPTION OF EQUITY ONORGANISATIONAL COMMITMENT' (2016) 14 Corporate Ownership and Control Dadallage J, 'Experiencing Organisational And Personal Change Management For Continuous Organisational Effectiveness' (2015) 5 Sri Lanka Journal of Development Administration Gryzi?ska-Sawicka N, 'Possibilities And Limitations Of Research Methods Of The Social Structure In The Roman Iron Age In Poland' (2015) 20 Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia Kekana M, The Impact Of Frequent Organizational Restructuring On Employees' Psychological Contracts In A Government Department Passarelli G, 'Employees Skills And Organisational Commitment' (2010) 4 International Business Research Shelton C, Gartland M and Stack M, 'The Impact Of Organisational Culture And Person-Organisation Fit On Job Satisfaction And Organisational Commitment In China And The USA' (2011) 1 International Journal of Management Development Smith I, 'Organisational Quality And Organisational Change' (2011) 32 Library Management The Impact Of Organisational Culture On Organisational Commitment (1st edn, 2009) Toga R, Khayundi D and Mjoli T, 'The Impact Of Organisational Commitment And Demographic Variables On Organisational Citizenship Behaviour' [2014] Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Zgrzywa-Ziemak A, 'The Impact Of Organisational Learning On Organisational Performance' (2015) 23 Management and Business Administration. Central Europe

What is the policy-making process Essay Example

What is the policy-making process Paper Policy-making process involves a linked series of actions or events1. It focuses on the way in which policy is made (process), rather than on the substance of policy itself and its consequences (product)2. In general, there are four main stages of the policy-making process, which are initiation, formulation, implementation and evaluation. The institutions or participants of policy-making process include political leadership, citizen participation or interest groups, legislature and legislators, bureaucracy and judiciary. In this essay, I will use the government policy to overcome traffic congestion in Singapore as a case study to illustrate the different stages. In my view, the implementation process is the most important stage in the policy process. Central to understanding policy-making process is the understanding of how decisions are made. Decision-making is a process that focuses on the people involved in the policy process and on the part of the process that deals with choosing among alternative course of action. This led us to the different theories of decision-making process: the Rational Actor Model (Rationality), the Incremental Model (Incrementalism), Bureaucratic Organization Models and the Belief System Model. The Rational Actor Model occurs in a very methodological, neat, problem solving process. Its features include the appraisal of problem, to identify the goals and rank order them, to canvass the possible alternatives, to consider the consequences of each alternative and finally to select the alternative that most closely matches the referred goals. We will write a custom essay sample on What is the policy-making process specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What is the policy-making process specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What is the policy-making process specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the Incremental Model, decisions are made through small or incremental moves on particular problems rather than through a comprehensive reform program. It is also endless because it takes the form of an indefinite sequence of policy moves. It focuses on making necessary changes and sees policy as variations of the past. In this model, the decisions are the product of bargaining. It implies that policy-making is a messy or untidy process of muddling through. The Bureaucratic Organization Models basically means getting into the Black Box. The organizational process model looks at values, assumptions and regular pattern of behavior in the organization. The policy itself is placed within the context of the organizations objectives, overall strategy and structures. The bureaucratic politics model involves bargaining between personnel and agencies. Lastly, there is the Belief System Model where the role of beliefs and ideologies and political values held by political parties and politicians determine what is to be done. Such ideologies often have the effect of excluding ideas, information and empirical evidence when they fail to support the political partys core beliefs3. The first stage of the policy-making process is initiation or agenda setting process. Agenda setting is the process by which problems and alternative solutions gain or lose public and elite attention4. It means getting problems to government. The participants of this process include governmental and non-governmental actors. The first component of initiation gets at the recognition of the problem with agenda setting. Without the perception of a problem, there is no incentive for the organization to disturb the status quo or to expend organizational energy initiating the policy process. A condition becomes a problem when we come to believe we should do something about them. A problem can be formally defined as a condition or situation that produces needs or dissatisfactions on the part of people for which relief or redress is sought5. Using the case study to illustrate this stage, traffic congestion (initially a condition) becomes a problem because it causes car owners to miss their appointments or be late for work. Traffic congestion is really a matter of time and money. Government or authorities need to solve the problem as it would save a lot of time and money and this would improve the welfare of the population as a whole. Government authorities like the Land Transport Authority (LTA) and academics suggest that traffic congestion may develop due to the size of vehicle population or limited amount of road space. The second stage of the policy-making process is formulation. According to Charles Jones, Formulation is a derivative of formula and means simply to develop a plan, a method, a prescription for acting on a problem6. In other words, formulation is a process of developing a plan or action to resolve a problem identified in stage one. It is about deciding what should be done, considering the alternatives and the actual drafting of legislation. In the case of the traffic congestion problem, the Chief Ministers, Cabinet and the Civil Servants are involved in the policy formulation. The roles of civil servants include information gathering, analyzing advising. They advise the Ministers the Cabinet for example on the cause of the problem, what options should be chosen how the policy should be developed. It thus gives them significant influences over policy formulation. The Ministers lack the expertise and time to perform many of these functions and are therefore dependent upon these Civil Servants. Next, the available options to solve the problem such as building more roads, widening existing roads or limiting vehicle use (by making it more expensive) are identified. Each of these options has benefits and costs. For example, building more roads involves financial costs, opportunity costs disruption to communities but provides more road space. After this, the option is finally chosen in this case study i. . to limit vehicle population by implementing the Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) system. The third stage is policy implementation. It involves those activities directed toward putting a program into effect7. Basically, it is concerned with putting the ideas of stage two into action. It is essentially a practical activity, as distinguished from policy formulation, which is essentially theoretical. The bureaucracy is the executive arm of this process. There are three sets of activities that the bureaucracy engages in order to execute a course of action over time. The top-level bureaucracy (Cabinet and Ministers) is involved in the interpretation activity i. e. the translation of program language into acceptable and feasible directives. The mid-level bureaucracy (Civil Servants) is involved in the organization activity i. e. the establishment of units and methods for putting a program into effect. The Street-level bureaucracy (Personnel of LTA) is involved in the application activity i. e. the routine provision of services, payments, or other agreed-upon program objectives or instruments. Returning to the case study, the Singapore government implemented the ERP system in 1999 to better manage road use. The Ministry of Transport, the LTA and the Subordinate Courts are involved in the implementation stage. Basically, the LTA sets the amount that motorists have to pay at different times of the day. Motorists who pass through an operational ERP gantry without a properly inserted Cash Card in the In-Vehicle Unit (IU), or with a Cash Card with insufficient balance to pay for the ERP charges, will have to pay an administrative surcharge plus the ERP charge within two weeks of the violation8. If the administrative charge and the ERP charge are not paid within this period, they will receive a Notice of Traffic Offence offering to compound the offence payable within 28 days9. Upon expiry of the Notice, the matter will be referred to the Court. There is also composition fine for passing through an ERP gantry without an IU. The final stage is policy evaluation. Given the imperfect nature of formulation and the contingent nature of implementation, a policy will meet with varying success. In the evaluation stage, analysts will return to evaluate the policy to determine whether it is producing the desired results, to recommend whether it ought to be modified, and even to determine whether resources should be shifted to other programs. The results of evaluation may suggest that the policy ought to be abolished or replaced with a new approach to the issue. This often-ongoing evaluation may well serve to set the agenda again, setting off another round through the policy process. Success itself has to be evaluated. For instance, the ERP system may be relatively effective in managing traffic conditions along major roads and within the central business district, but at the cost of reducing disposable income. This would in turn increase the cost of living the costs of businesses. The authorities might incur a backlash or criticism from the people. Therefore the costs and benefits need to be examined in every case. Side effects must be taken into account. The government can be seen to create its own problems, which then require new public policy to deal with them. The government may, for example, choose to cut down the steep prices of the ERP system or to widen existing roads. In my view, the implementation process is the most important stage in the policy process. It is an important but frequently overlooked step. Firstly, lacking proper implementation, policy innovation and selection may end up being little more than intellectual exercises. Indeed, faulty policy implementation can invalidate the earlier, carefully considered steps in the policy-making process and thereby intensify the original problem. This stage then, warrants our careful attention. Secondly, policy failures mostly occur at the implementation stage. This is because policy-makers have not paid enough attention to policy implementation. To identify the problems caused by implementation, one needs to first acknowledge the difference between non-implementation and unsuccessful implementation. Unsuccessful implementation is where the failure is in the policy or the theory it is based upon. This may happen due to insufficient resources, organizational complexity, inadequate planning, inflated aspirations and complex environments. Non-implementation is when a policy is not put into effect as it was intended. It could be that those involved in its execution are uncooperative or inefficient. Government influence on the interpretation and application of laws, rules and guidelines is seen to be diluted by the delegation of wide discretion to those actually carrying out the policies10. Besides, the government may leave it to the discretion of agencies and Civil Service departments. Hence, the problem of unclear objectives is noted. There is a need during the implementation stage for an understanding and agreement on clear objectives, which must persist throughout the implementation stage, for it to be successful. Thirdly, different implementing agencies may depend on other agencies for success. The smaller the number of relationships between agencies and the smaller their importance, chance of success would be greater. The more they depend on others the more inefficient they will become. In addition, administrators can face many obstacles outside their control, as they are external to the policy or the implementation process. Sometimes these can be put down to bad luck, like physical obstructions such as drought upsetting an agricultural program. Sometimes it may be political obstacles that get in the way, as with the public condemnation of the Poll Tax in Europe, leading to reforms in the policy cycle. However, this is not to say that the other stages of the policy-making process are unimportant. We still need to consider the relative importance of other stages as well because any policy failure may be due to the problems arising from these stages. Policy initiation is crucial in that it sets the political agenda by both defining certain problems as issues and by determining how those issues are to be addressed. Problem definition and policy formulation have contingent or dependent relationships. Problems need to be defined first before policy formulation on a particular course of action is made. As Charles Lindblom says Policy-makers are not faced with a given problem11. Policy-makers are constantly probing, searching and redefining problems and issues. Basically, how one diagnoses a problem would determine ones prescription. Formulation is also important because it includes a number of analytical steps such as the decision about how to decide, assessing the various options and selecting the best, and the actual drafting of legislation. It is the decision-making stage of the policy process. It is the most overtly political stage insofar as the many potential solutions to a given problem must somehow be winnowed down to one or a few picked and readied for use. Obviously, most possible choices will not be realized. Moreover, the policy-makers might get it wrong at this stage by choosing the wrong approach and this can result in policy failures which subsequently occur at the implementation stage. Policy success does require that policy be formulated upon a valid theory of cause and effect. Formulation should be based on adequate understanding of the problem; otherwise it can lead to reasoning of its effects which are very different from the eventual actuality. If policy does fail, it might be this underlying theory that is at fault. Undoubtedly, the evaluation stage is also important. This process is required as our understanding of social issues and the effect of government intervention is imperfect. We cannot be certain of the results a policy will bring or of the efficiency and success of implementing it. Therefore there is a need for evaluation in the policy-making process. It must be decided whether the policy meet the objectives it was designed for. Even when a policy has enjoyed some level of success it is unlikely that it will act as maintaining this level of improvement. It is more likely to lead to a continuation or modification of the existing policy. In conclusion, policy-making process is a long-term matter starting with the establishing of goals and moving through the selection of alternatives and to the implementation and evaluation of the solution. Nonetheless, policy-making is instead a complexly interactive process without beginning or end12. This process model is criticized as being too ordered, predictable and rational. In actuality, policy does not follow this sequential order of approach. Moreover, the boundaries between the different stages are blurred. For instance, policy implementation may lead to problem definition and policy evaluation is a constant activity. They are not restricted to a stipulated stage or time. In my view, the implementation process is the most important stage in the policy process, as a policy will remain as an idea if it is not implemented.